Journal of Emerging Pharmaceutical and Medical Research (JEPMR)
The Journal of Emerging Pharmaceutical and Medical Research (JEPMR) is an international, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary journal devoted to pharmaceutical and medical Sciences. JEPMR aims to increase the impact of pharmaceutical research in academia and industry, with a strong emphasis on quality and originality. JEPMR publishes Original Research Articles, Short Communications, and Review Articles in all pharmaceutical, medical, Dental, and integrated medical sciences.
Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency (RPI): AI-Driven Drug Discovery, 3D-Bioprinted Neural Models, Bedrock for Synthesizing RNA, DNA, ATP, BBB and Gene Therapy, Leukoencephalopathy
Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency (RPI deficiency) is an ultra-rare genetic neurometabolic condition characterized by mutations in the RPIA gene, which causes disruptions in the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Disturbances in the metabolism of ribose-5-phosphate lead to disturbances in RNA, DNA, ATP, and other nucleotides' production, causing oxidative stress, mitochondrial defects, and neurological symptoms, such as leukoencephalopathy. This review outlines the molecular genetics, biochemistry, pathogenesis, and symptoms of RPI deficiency, and emphasizes the involvement of ribose-5-phosphate in the nucleotide and energy production within cells. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI)-based drug discovery, precision medicine, metabolic pathway simulation, and drug repositioning for the identification of new drug targets are highlighted. Next-generation technologies including three-dimensional (3D) printed neural models, organoids derived from patient tissues, digital twins, drugs targeted against blood-brain barrier, and gene therapy are also described due to their capability to provide additional benefits for disease modeling and personalized medicine. At last, possible issues and future perspectives regarding the application of this technology to the clinic are presented in this review. The combination of AI, multi-omics tools, and new human-based disease models is expected to be a very promising approach for drug discovery and disease management of Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency.
Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency; Pentose Phosphate Pathway; Artificial Intelligence (AI); Precision Medicine; Gene Therapy; 3D Bioprinting; Brain Organoids; Leukoencephalopathy
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Emerging Pharmaceutical and Medical Research (JEPMR)
Marburg, Junín, Machupo, and Kyasanur Forest Disease Viruses: Etiology, Epidemiology, Chemical Architecture, Morphological Fingerprinting, Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Arenaviruses, Orthoflaviviruses, BSL-4 Protocols
The zoonotic importance of Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) is well documented for Marburg virus (MARV), Junín virus (JUNV), Machupo virus (MACV), and Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (KFDV) due to their high morbidity, mortality, and potential to cause epidemics. Although the above-mentioned viruses are members of different virus families, they have some common pathogenic features such as zoonosis, dysregulation of immunity, endothelial damage, and systemic illness. This review presents an analysis of their causes, prevalence, chemical structure, morphological identification, biochemical etiology, diagnostic techniques, treatment methods, and Biosafety Level-4 (BSL-4) laboratory techniques. Focus is made on human clinical, molecular, and epidemiological data, and less is emphasized on animal experiments. The latest molecular techniques of diagnostics, genome-wide monitoring, vaccine research, anti-viral agents and biosafety measures have helped in detecting and preparing for any outbreak of such diseases. But absence of specific treatments, lack of monitoring in endemic areas, and lack of laboratory facilities still present a challenge for controlling these diseases. In addition, the review identifies research deficiencies existing in today’s scientific field and stresses the necessity of applying One Health principles, international cooperation, developing biosafety capacity and conducting more human-oriented research on VHFs.
Marburg virus (MARV); Junín virus (JUNV); Machupo virus (MACV); Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (KFDV); Viral hemorrhagic fever; Biomolecular pathogenesis; BSL-4 biosafety; One Health
Nanocarrier-Enabled GPCR Therapeutics for Oncology, Neurological, and Cardiovascular Disorders
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute one of the largest and most pharmacologically significant classes of membrane proteins, regulating a broad spectrum of physiological processes and contributing to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Despite their central importance in therapeutic development, conventional GPCR-targeted drugs frequently encounter challenges such as poor solubility, inadequate bioavailability, rapid metabolic degradation, and off-target toxicity, which collectively limit their clinical effectiveness and therapeutic precision. This review aims to critically assess nanocarrier-based drug delivery approaches designed to enhance the targeting specificity, therapeutic efficacy, and translational potential of GPCR-modulating agents. A comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, focusing on GPCR structural biology, receptor signalling pathways, and advanced nanocarrier platforms, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and hybrid nanostructures. Emphasis was placed on preclinical investigations and early-phase clinical studies exploring GPCR-targeted nanomedicine strategies. Nanocarrier systems demonstrated significant improvements in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles by enabling controlled and sustained drug release, enhancing ligand stability, and facilitating targeted delivery to specific tissues. These systems also improved penetration across physiological barriers, including the blood–brain barrier, and supported the co-delivery of multiple therapeutic agents. Applications across oncology, neurological, and cardiovascular disorders highlight the broad therapeutic relevance of nanocarrier-assisted GPCR modulation. Nevertheless, challenges related to immunogenicity, long-term safety, large-scale manufacturing, and regulatory standardization remain critical considerations. Overall, nanocarrier-based delivery strategies offer a promising framework to overcome the limitations of conventional GPCR therapeutics and support the advancement of precision and personalized medicine.
GPCRs, nanocarriers, drug delivery, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, precision medicine, targeted therapy
Next-Generation CAR-NK Immunotherapy for Myeloid Malignancies: From Target Discovery to Clinical Translation
Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer (CAR-NK) cell therapy has emerged as a promising next-generation immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of myeloid malignancies, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and related myeloproliferative neoplasms. Despite significant advances in conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), long-term outcomes remain unsatisfactory for many patients, especially those with relapsed or refractory disease. While CAR-T cell therapies have revolutionized the management of B-cell malignancies, their application in myeloid cancers has been limited by target antigen overlap with normal hematopoietic tissues, severe toxicities, and manufacturing complexities. CAR-NK cells offer several potential advantages, including potent innate antitumor activity, lower risk of cytokine release syndrome and graft-versus-host disease, and the feasibility of developing universal “off-the-shelf” cellular products. Recent preclinical studies and early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated encouraging safety profiles and preliminary efficacy of CAR-NK platforms targeting key myeloid antigens such as CD33 and CD123. Furthermore, advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NK cells, gene-editing technologies, and cytokine-enhanced CAR constructs have accelerated the clinical translation of this therapeutic modality. However, several challenges continue to impede widespread clinical implementation. These include antigen heterogeneity, on-target myelotoxicity affecting normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, limited in vivo persistence and trafficking of NK cells, immunosuppressive bone marrow microenvironments, and constraints on scalable manufacturing. Innovative engineering strategies, including multi-antigen targeting, armored CAR constructs, cytokine support systems, checkpoint inhibition, and combination therapies, are being actively explored to overcome these barriers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of NK-cell biology relevant to CAR engineering, summarizes current preclinical and clinical developments in CAR-NK therapy for myeloid malignancies, and critically examines the major translational challenges facing the field. Finally, it highlights emerging technological innovations and future research priorities required to establish CAR-NK therapy as a safe, effective, and widely accessible treatment option for patients with myeloid cancers.
Chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cells (CAR-NK); Acute myeloid leukemia (AML); Myeloid malignancies; Immunotherapy; CD33; CD123; Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); Tumor microenvironment; Off-the-shelf cellular therapy.
Prarthana Kalerammana Gopalakrishna Gopalakrishna
Recent Progress in Cancer Nanotheranostics: Multifunctional Platforms for Precision Oncology
Its value as a health burden is still important because cancer has been one of the leading causes in the world, where liver, lung, pancreatic, breast and brain cancers make up copious mortality and fatalities. Conventional diagnostic and therapeutic modalities are frequently faced with delayed detection, insufficient tumor specificity, systemic toxicity, and the development of therapeutic resistance, emphasizing an imperative to develop integrated and selective strategies. Consistent with the above-mentioned definition, this systematic review summarizes advances from 2020 to 2025 in almost five main types of nanotheranostics (i.e., nanostructures for simultaneous diagnosis and therapy) in cancer biology. Methods. A systematic literature search with PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science was conducted to identify any studies assessing the relationship between COVID-19 risk factors defined as a history of or concurrent chronic disease and COVID-19 infection or COVID-19-related mortality from January 2020 to June 2025. Inclusion Criteria: Eligible studies were defined as those reporting on nanoplatforms having both diagnostic imaging and therapeutic function in liver, lung, pancreatic, breast or brain tumors; Data extracted included nanomaterial composition, imaging modality, therapeutic mechanism and experimental outcomes, as well as physical indicators of translational feasibility. Results illustrate major advancements in metallic nanoparticles, polymeric and liposomal carriers, carbon-based nanomaterials and hybrid multifunctional systems that improve imaging sensitivity via different modalities including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging while providing targeted therapeutic delivery through chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy. Organ-targeting innovations such as blood-brain barrier–permeable carriers, inhalable nano-platforms, stroma-modulating systems and receptor-targeted constructs add to this precision. While preclinical and early clinical results have been promising, safety validation, regulatory approval, manufacture at scale and cost-effectiveness for healthcare delivery continue to pose challenges. Interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing refinement of the technology are likely to foster clinical translation, paving the way toward global precision oncology.
Nanotheranostics, multi-organ cancer, precision oncology, imaging-guided therapy, targeted drug delivery, clinical translation
Design, Degradation Mechanisms, and Drug Release Kinetics of Biodegradable Polymers in Advanced Drug Delivery Systems: Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Biodegradable polymers have stood out among other templated macromolecular materials as fundamental components of advanced drug delivery systems, providing controllable, sustained and site-specific release of therapeutics with lower toxic side effects. We present a comprehensive review of the design concepts, degradation principles, and drug-release kinetics of natural and synthetic biodegradables such as PLGA, PCL, chitosan, and alginate. The adaptability of naturally occurring substances allows them to be fabricated into nanoparticles, microspheres, hydrogels and scaffolds for different clinical applications such as cancer therapy, vaccine delivery, gene therapy and tissue engineering. This review covers hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation mechanisms, surface or bulk erosion behavior of polymers, and parameters affecting polymer degradation and drug release kinetics. These polymers have been used in FDA-approved formulations, which are shown in a few case studies to result in both improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. It discusses challenges including inter- and intra-protein degradation rate variability, formulation stability issues, scale-up of manufacturing process difficulties, and regulatory hurdles. The continuing advances at the emerging frontiers of smart, stimuli-responsive systems, hybrid polymers, AI-assisted design, and personalized medicine suggest a bright future for biodegradable polymers in engineering precision and sustainable therapeutics
biodegradable polymers, drug delivery, controlled release, polymer degradation, nanoparticles, PLGA, polymeric microspheres, stimuli-responsive polymers, personalized medicine, pharmaceutical formulation.
Sustainable Solid Dispersion Approach Using Tamarind Seed Mucilage for Enhanced Drug Release
Ibuprofen is difficult to dissolve in water and has limited bioavailability. To enhance dissolution and stability, the study explores a co-solvency-based solid dispersion method using tamarind seed mucilage as a natural polymer carrier. Drug: mucilage ratios of 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:1.5 were employed, with ethanol as a co-solvent under a solvent evaporation method. Equivalent physical mixtures were prepared for comparison. Along with FTIR and XRD studies endorsing ibuprofen's change to amorphous nature without chemical interaction with the carrier, phytochemical tests established the presence of bioactive chemicals in the mucilage. Substantial progress was demonstrated in in vitro dissolution testing; the SD (3) 1:1.5 formulation had a dissolution efficiency of 91.6% and 99.8% drug release within 60 minutes. Particle size and zeta potential measurements indicated stable surface charges and nanoscale particles, particularly for SD (3). Compared to physical blends and pure ibuprofen, solid dispersions showed improved drug content and release effectiveness throughout the semiannual stability test under 40°C, 75% relative humidity. These results illustrate how tamarind seed mucilage can be utilized in co-solvency-based solid dispersions as an effective and environmentally friendly means of increasing solubility and therapeutic effectiveness of drugs with low aqueous solubility. This approach paves the way for improved drug delivery systems through offering a sustainable, scalable alternative and encouraging more research into natural carriers for drug formulations.
Ibuprofen; Solid dispersion; Co-solvency method; Tamarind seed mucilage; Natural polymer; Solubility enhancement; Bioavailability; Amorphous drug form; Solvent evaporation; Drug–polymer ratio; In vitro dissolution.
Stimuli-Responsive Nanomedicine:Pharmacological Insights andPharmaceutical Applications
Stimuli-responsive nanomedicine represents a transformative leap in drug delivery — enabling site-specific, on-demand, and controlled drug release in response to physiological or externally applied triggers. By responding to cues such as pH, temperature, redox potential, enzymes, magnetic fields, or light, these “smart” nanocarriers significantly enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. This review outlines the fundamental pharmacological principles underlying stimuli-responsive systems, their material composition, mechanisms of action, and applications in cancer therapy, inflammation, infection control, and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we discuss design strategies, challenges in clinical translation, and emerging hybrid nanoplatforms integrating multiple stimuli for precision therapy
Stimuli-Responsive Nanocarriers, Smart Drug Delivery, Ph-Sensitive Nanoparticles, Redox-Responsive Systems, Targeted Therapy, Controlled Release, Nanomedicine
Molecular Pharmacology of Ion Channels: Implications for Pain and Neurological Disorders
Ion channels are central to neuronal excitability and synaptic communication, tightly regulating the flow of sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions across cellular membranes. Their dysfunction—arising from genetic mutations, post-translational modifications, or cellular stress—contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, epilepsy, migraine, and other neurological disorders. This review delineates the major ion-channel families including voltage-gated sodium (NaV), calcium (CaV), and potassium (KV/HCN) channels, as well as transient receptor potential (TRP) and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), highlighting their molecular pharmacology and significance in pain and neurological pathophysiology. Mechanistic insights reveal that hyperexcitability, synaptic hypertransmission, and disinhibition resulting from altered ion-channel activity form the basis of chronic neuronal hyperactivity. The review further examines current pharmacological modulators—such as NaV1.8 inhibitors (VX-548), N-type calcium channel blockers (ziconotide), HCN inhibitors (ivabradine), and TRPV1 agonists (capsaicin)and their clinical implications. Despite promising advances, therapeutic translation is limited by issues of selectivity, delivery, and systemic safety. Emerging directions include structure-guided drug design, nanocarrier formulations, and genetically informed precision medicine. Collectively, ion-channel–targeted pharmacology embodies a shift from generalized symptom control toward highly specific, mechanism-based interventions for pain and neurological disorders.
Ion Channels; Molecular Pharmacology; Neuropathic Pain; Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels; Calcium Channels; Potassium Channels; TRP Channels; Asics; Neuronal Excitability; Channelopathies; Analgesic Drug Development; Neurological Disorders; Precision Medicine; Ion-Channel Modulators
Pharmacogenomics in Cardiovascular Pharmacology: Toward Precision Medicine in Hypertension and Heart Failure
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing a persistent challenge to global health systems. Despite significant advancements in drug discovery and therapeutic interventions, interindividual variability in drug response continues to limit treatment efficacy and safety. Pharmacogenomics, the science of understanding how genetic variations affect drug response, has emerged as a crucial tool in addressing this variability and advancing personalized cardiovascular therapy. In conditions such as hypertension and heart failure, genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and molecular targets have been shown to influence therapeutic outcomes and adverse event profiles. Variants in genes such as ADRB1, ADRB2, ACE, AGTR1, and SLC12A3 modulate patient responses to widely used cardiovascular drugs including β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and diuretics. Understanding these gene–drug interactions enables clinicians to tailor pharmacological strategies to an individual’s genetic makeup, improving efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Furthermore, the integration of multi-omics technologies—including transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics—alongside polygenic risk scoring and machine learning–based models is transforming cardiovascular pharmacogenomics from a single-gene focus to a systems-level understanding. These integrative approaches hold the potential to predict not only therapeutic responses but also disease progression and adverse drug reactions in real time. Ultimately, pharmacogenomics is propelling cardiovascular medicine toward a precision-driven era, where treatments are informed by an individual’s unique genetic and molecular profile rather than population averages. This paradigm shift promises more accurate, effective, and safer interventions in the management of CVDs.
Pharmacogenomics, Cardiovascular Diseases, Hypertension, Heart Failure, β-blockers, ACE Inhibitors, ARBs, Precision Medicine, Genetic Polymorphisms, Multi-omics Integration
Drug–Drug Interactions: A Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Perspective on Formulation and Safety
Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) are a critical consideration in clinical pharmacology and pharmaceutical development, affecting therapeutic efficacy and patient safety. DDIs may result from pharmacokinetic mechanisms (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination) or pharmacodynamic mechanisms (synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effects). This review explores the pharmacological basis of DDIs, their implications in formulation design, and strategies to predict, prevent, and manage adverse interactions. Emphasis is placed on emerging tools, including computational modeling, in vitro and in vivo assays, and regulatory considerations, highlighting the integration of pharmaceutical science with clinical pharmacology for safe drug administration.
Drug–drug interactions, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, polypharmacy, formulation strategies, safety, predictive modeling
Pharmacological Modulation of Inflammatory Pathways: Emerging Therapeutic Targets
Inflammation is a complex biological response crucial for host defence, but when dysregulated, it contributes to chronic diseases such as autoimmune disorders, metabolic syndromes, and cancer. Recent advances in pharmacology have identified novel therapeutic targets within inflammatory pathways, including inflammasomes, cytokine signalling, and epigenetic regulation. This review discusses the latest developments in pharmacological modulation of inflammatory responses, focusing on selective inflammasome inhibitors, cytokine-targeted biologics, and small molecules with anti-inflammatory properties. These emerging therapies hold promise for treating refractory inflammatory diseases with improved efficacy and safety profiles.
Inflammatory Pathways; Pharmacological; Cytokine; chronic diseases
Endocannabinoid System Pharmacology: Therapeutic Promise and Clinical Pitfalls
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has emerged as one of the most intriguing and therapeutically promising signaling networks in modern pharmacology. Comprising endogenous cannabinoids, G-protein coupled receptors, and metabolic enzymes, the ECS regulates an array of physiological processes including pain modulation, mood regulation, appetite, inflammation, and neuroprotection. Pharmacological modulation of this system offers immense therapeutic potential for disorders ranging from chronic pain and epilepsy to metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative diseases. However, despite its promise, clinical translation has been impeded by significant safety concerns, complex receptor interactions, and unpredictable psychotropic effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular pharmacology of the ECS, its therapeutic targets, and the challenges that hinder clinical application. Emphasis is placed on recent drug development efforts, translational hurdles, and future perspectives for safely harnessing the ECS in medicine.
Endocannabinoid system, CB1 receptor, CB2 receptor, Anandamide, 2-AG, Cannabinoid pharmacology, Therapeutic targets, Clinical challenges
Personalized Medicine: The Convergence of Pharmacogenomics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
Personalized medicine leverages patient-specific genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic information to optimize therapeutic interventions. Pharmacogenomics elucidates how genetic variations influence drug response, while pharmaceutical nanotechnology enables targeted and controlled drug delivery. The convergence of these fields offers the potential for precision therapy, maximizing efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. This review highlights advances in pharmacogenomic profiling, nanocarrier design, and their integration into personalized therapeutic strategies. Clinical applications, current challenges, and future perspectives are discussed, emphasizing a holistic approach to patient-centered pharmacotherapy.
Personalized Medicine, Pharmacogenomics, Nanocarriers, Targeted Therapy, Drug Delivery, Precision Medicine, Adverse Drug Reactions
Smart Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: Multi-Omics Integration and Clinical Translation
Smart nanocarriers have emerged as transformative tools in cancer therapy, addressing long-standing challenges of systemic toxicity, poor bioavailability, and non-specific drug distribution associated with conventional chemotherapy. Between 2019 and 2024, significant progress has been made in developing stimuli-responsive and targeted nanocarriers including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and inorganic systems engineered to adapt to tumor microenvironmental cues or external triggers. Concurrently, the integration of multi-omics technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) has provided a molecularly informed framework for the rational design of personalized nanomedicines, enabling improved biomarker-driven targeting and predictive therapeutic outcomes.This systematic review consolidates advances in nanocarrier development and clinical translation within this timeframe, highlighting preclinical innovations, omics-guided design strategies, and clinical trials that demonstrate enhanced efficacy and safety profiles. Evidence from early-phase studies reveals improved tumor accumulation, reduced off-target effects, and favorable tolerability across multiple cancer types. However, challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, large-scale manufacturing, and regulatory hurdles continue to limit widespread clinical adoption.Looking forward, the integration of artificial intelligence with omics-based approaches, the development of hybrid and biomimetic nanomaterials, and the design of theranostic platforms are expected to accelerate translation from bench to bedside. By uniting smart nanocarriers with precision oncology, the field is poised to deliver patient-specific, adaptable therapies that redefine the landscape of cancer treatment.
Smart nanocarriers, Cancer therapy, Multi-omics integration, Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, Clinical trials, Precision oncology
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Emerging Pharmaceutical and Medical Research (JEPMR)
Targeted Nano therapeutics in Oncology: Clinical Outcomes, Safety, and Translational Progress
Background: Nanotherapeutics have emerged as a transformative approach in oncology, addressing the limitations of conventional chemotherapy through precise drug delivery and reduced systemic toxicity. Over the past five years, rapid advancements in clinical trials have accelerated the translation of nanomedicine into cancer care.Objective: This systematic review evaluates global clinical trial data (2019–2024) on targeted nanotherapeutics across major cancers, emphasizing efficacy outcomes, safety profiles, and translational progress.Methods: A comprehensive literature and clinical trial database search was conducted (PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) for phase I–III studies involving liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, metallic nanoparticles, and micelles in breast, lung, prostate, colorectal, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers. Eligible studies were assessed for design, endpoints, and outcomes following PRISMA guidelines.Results: Clinical trials demonstrated consistent improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) across cancer subtypes, with breast and lung cancers showing the most pronounced benefits. Liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles dominated late-phase evaluations, while dendrimers and metallic nanoparticles showed early-phase promise. Nanotherapeutics significantly reduced grade 3/4 toxicities compared with conventional chemotherapy, with unique but manageable adverse events such as infusion reactions and rare complement activation. Regulatory approvals between 2019 and 2024 validated the clinical utility of several platforms, though challenges in scalability, regulatory harmonization, and trial standardization remain.
Nanotherapeutics, Cancer nanomedicine, Clinical trials, Liposomes, Polymeric nanoparticles, Dendrimers, Metallic nanoparticles, Progression-free survival, Overall survival, Oncology
Clinical Translation of Nanomedicine in Oncology: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions in Hepatic, Renal, Breast, and Brain Malignancies
Nanomedicine has emerged as a transformative approach in oncology, offering the potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy, minimize systemic toxicity, and enable precision diagnostics. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from ongoing and completed clinical trials investigating nanomedicine platforms including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, inorganic nanocarriers, and biomimetic systems across four major malignancies: hepatic, renal, breast, and brain cancers. Data were extracted from ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, Embase, and WHO ICTRP following PRISMA guidelines, with inclusion limited to Phase I–III interventional trials. Breast cancer demonstrated the greatest clinical translation, supported by regulatory approvals for liposomal doxorubicin, albumin-bound paclitaxel, and polymeric micelles, which showed improved safety and survival outcomes compared to conventional therapies. In hepatic and renal malignancies, nanomedicine trials highlighted advances in tumor-specific targeting, improved drug tolerability, and innovative theranostic platforms, though confirmatory Phase III survival benefits remain limited. For brain tumors, particularly glioblastoma, novel nanocarriers demonstrated enhanced blood–brain barrier penetration and favorable tolerability, yet translation remains constrained by small-scale, early-phase studies. Across all malignancies, persistent challenges include heterogeneous pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, manufacturing complexity, and regulatory ambiguity. Despite these hurdles, advances in multifunctional and personalized nanomedicine, integration with immunotherapy, and adoption of theranostic platforms underscore the growing translational promise of nanotechnology in oncology. This review highlights both the achievements and limitations of current clinical trials, while outlining future strategies necessary for advancing nanomedicine from bench to bedside.
Nanomedicine, Oncology, Clinical Trials, Liposomes, Polymeric Nanoparticles, Hepatic Cancer, Renal Cancer, Breast Cancer, Brain Cancer, Targeted Therapy, Theranostics
Clinical Translation of Nanomedicine in Oncology: A Comprehensive Analysis of Developments, Obstacles, and Prospects in Brain, Hepatic, Renal, and Breast Cancers
Nanomedicine is rapidly reshaping oncology by improving drug delivery, enhancing therapeutic precision, and reducing systemic toxicity. This systematic review evaluates clinical trials (2019–2024) involving nanomedicine-based interventions across four major cancers: hepatic, renal, breast, and brain malignancies. The analysis reveals that breast cancer has achieved the most significant translational advances, supported by the clinical approval of liposomal doxorubicin, albumin-bound paclitaxel, and polymeric micelles, which demonstrate improved tolerability and survival benefits compared to conventional chemotherapeutics. In hepatic and renal cancers, nanomedicine approaches highlight promising advances in tumor targeting, immune modulation, and theranostics, although large-scale survival benefits are yet to be confirmed. For brain tumors, innovative nanocarriers have shown improved blood–brain barrier penetration and safety profiles; however, their clinical translation remains restricted by small sample sizes and early-phase evaluations. Nonetheless, integration of nanomedicine with immunotherapy, personalization strategies, and multifunctional theranostic designs represents a strong forward trajectory. This review emphasizes both the achievements and persistent barriers in the clinical translation of nanomedicine and outlines future strategies required for advancing precision oncology.
Nanomedicine, Oncology, Clinical Trials, Liposomes, Polymeric Nanoparticles, Hepatic Cancer, Renal Cancer, Breast Cancer, Brain Cancer, Targeted Therapy, Theranostic
Nanomedicine in Oncology: A Systematic Review and Comparative Analysis of Clinical Efficacy in Breast, Liver, Renal, and Neuro Cancers
Background: Nanotechnology has rapidly reshaped the therapeutic landscape of oncology, offering innovative drug delivery platforms that overcome many limitations of conventional chemotherapy. By leveraging nanoscale carriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and gold nanoshells, recent clinical trials have demonstrated measurable gains in efficacy, safety, and precision targeting. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to identify, evaluate, and synthesize clinical trial data on nanomedicine-based therapies in breast, liver, renal, and neuro cancers from 2020 to 2025.Results: Nanomedicines achieved consistent improvements in therapeutic outcomes across cancer types. Breast cancer trials demonstrated the greatest efficacy gains, with Abraxane improving progression-free survival by 18% compared to conventional taxanes. Neuro-oncology showed a 15% improvement through blood brain barrier permeable nanoparticles and photothermal therapies, representing a major breakthrough in a previously treatment-refractory domain. Liver cancer nanomedicines, such as liposomal sorafenib, delivered a 12% gain in tumor response while reducing systemic toxicity, whereas renal cancer nanotherapies achieved 9% improved disease control with reduced nephrotoxicity. Conclusion: Nanomedicine is no longer an experimental adjunct but a transformative pillar in modern oncology. By improving survival, reducing toxicity, and enabling precision delivery, nanomedicines hold the potential to redefine cancer care. However, achieving widespread clinical adoption will require large multicenter trials, harmonized regulatory frameworks, and sustainable production pipelines
Nanomedicine, Cancer Therapy, Breast Cancer, Liver Cancer, Renal Cancer, Neuro-oncology, Clinical Trials, Drug Delivery, Theranostics
Multimodal Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies in Vascular Small Bowel Bleeding: Integrating Endoscopy, Imaging, and Pharmacologic Advances
Vascular minor bowel bleeding (VSBB) constitutes a diagnostically challenging and clinically significant subset of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, especially in elderly and comorbid populations. Angiodysplasia, Dieulafoy lesions, ectopic varices, and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) are primary vascular causes. Recent advancements in endoscopic, radiologic, and pharmacologic technologies have dramatically improved the diagnostic yield and therapeutic precision in managing these lesions. Objective: This comprehensive review aims to synthesise current evidence regarding the pathogenesis, diagnostic pathways, and therapeutic strategies for VSBB, while emphasising the integration of emerging tools such as artificial intelligence (AI), genetic testing, and angiogenic profiling. Methods: An extensive review of published clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, randomised trials, and observational studies was conducted. Diagnostic algorithms and therapeutic options, including endoscopic therapies (e.g., argon plasma coagulation, sclerotherapy), radiologic interventions, pharmacologic agents (octreotide, thalidomide, bevacizumab), and surgical approaches, were critically evaluated. Special considerations for high-risk populations, including those with chronic kidney disease, HHT, and anticoagulant use, were explored. Results: Video capsule endoscopy and device-assisted enteroscopy have emerged as cornerstones for diagnosis, with computed tomography angiography offering essential support in unstable patients. Endoscopic modalities remain first-line for most lesions, while pharmacologic therapy is crucial for diffuse or recurrent bleeding. Surgical interventions, including intraoperative enteroscopy and valve replacement in Heyde’s syndrome, serve as definitive options in select patients. AI and molecular diagnostics offer transformative potential for early detection and personalized treatment. Conclusion: VSBB requires a patient-specific, algorithmic management strategy combining clinical, endoscopic, radiologic, and pharmacologic insights. Continuous innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the integration of AI and genomics will be vital to advancing precision medicine in this domain.
Vascular Small Bowel Bleeding, Angiodysplasia, Capsule Endoscopy, Deep Enteroscopy, CT Angiography, Argon Plasma Coagulation, Octreotide, Bevacizumab, Artificial Intelligence, Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia.
HBV Pre-S Mutants and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: New Molecular Pathways, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Horizons (2020–2025)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) pre-S mutants, particularly deletions in the pre-S1 and pre-S2 regions of the viral envelope gene, have emerged as critical molecular drivers of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These mutants contribute to liver carcinogenesis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative DNA damage, and activating multiple oncogenic signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, and COX-2. Epidemiological data from 2020–2025 highlight their high prevalence in East Asian populations, especially in HBV genotypes B and C, with strong associations to tumor development, recurrence, and poor prognosis. Advancements in next-generation sequencing and liquid biopsy technologies have enabled the non-invasive detection of pre-S mutants, enhancing their potential as biomarkers for early diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic monitoring. Preclinical and clinical research has also identified novel therapeutic strategies targeting mutant-induced stress pathways, immune evasion mechanisms, and metabolic reprogramming. The integration of pre-S mutant profiling into precision oncology approaches is anticipated to transform HCC management, particularly in HBV-endemic regions.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Pre-S Mutants, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), Oncogenesis, ER Stress, Oxidative DNA Damage, HBV Genotypes, Biomarkers, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), Liquid Biopsy, Immune Evasion, Precision Oncology, Tumour Recurrence, Pre-S1 Deletion, Pre-S2 Deletion.
Expanding Frontiers: Liver Transplantation as a Curative Modality for Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Precision Oncology Approach
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major global health burden, with liver metastases (CRLM) representing a significant cause of mortality. While surgical resection offers curative potential, only a minority of patients with CRLM are eligible due to anatomical or biological constraints. Historically, liver transplantation (LT) for CRLM showed poor outcomes, but recent advancements in imaging, molecular profiling, immunosuppression, and patient selection have reignited interest in LT as a potentially curative modality for unresectable CRLM. Landmark studies such as SECA-I, SECA-II, and TRANSMET have reported 5-year overall survival rates exceeding 80% in carefully selected patients, positioning LT as a viable alternative to systemic therapies and liver-directed treatments. The integration of biomarkers such as ctDNA, the Oslo score, RECIST response, and molecular exclusion criteria (e.g., BRAF V600E, dMMR) now enable precision selection and surveillance. Innovations like normothermic perfusion, extended criteria donors, and living donor transplantation have also expanded organ availability while addressing ethical considerations. Despite promising outcomes, standardized post-transplant chemotherapy regimens remain undefined, and immunotherapy poses challenges due to graft rejection risks. Ongoing trials and emerging technologies, including AI-driven imaging and liquid biopsies, are expected to shape the future of transplant oncology, potentially transforming the therapeutic paradigm for metastatic CRC.
Colorectal Liver Metastases, Liver Transplantation, SECA Trials, Precision Oncology, Ctdna, Oslo Score, Immunosuppression, Unresectable CRLM, MELD Exception, Transplant Oncology.
Childhood Renal Risk Factors and Adult Chronic Kidney Disease: A Multi-National Longitudinal Cohort Study
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health burden, with many cases emerging silently over decades. While adult risk factors for CKD are well-established, there is increasing interest in identifying childhood origins of renal disease. This study evaluates whether renal risk profiles in childhood are associated with CKD incidence in adulthood using multinational, longitudinal cohort data.Methods: A pooled dataset from five international cohorts (N = 35,482; follow-up range: 25–40 years) was analyzed. Childhood renal risk factors included body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), serum uric acid, albuminuria, low birth weight, and family history of kidney disease. Adult CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73m², persistent albuminuria, dialysis, or kidney transplantation. Cox regression models were adjusted for sex, race, SES, and cohort. Multiple imputation handled missing data.Results: 2,431 individuals (6.8%) developed CKD in adulthood. Elevated childhood uric acid (HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.33–1.72), SBP (HR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.28–1.56), and obesity (HR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.45–1.91) were significantly associated with adult CKD. The combined-risk z score (mean of standardized risk factors) strongly predicted CKD (HR: 2.88, 95% CI: 2.31–3.59). A dose-response relationship was observed across quartiles of childhood risk scores.Conclusions: Childhood renal risk factors, particularly obesity, hypertension, and hyperuricemia, are strongly predictive of CKD in midlife. Early-life interventions may substantially reduce the global burden of kidney disease.
Chronic Kidney Disease, Childhood Risk Factors, Uric Acid, Longitudinal Cohort, Preventive Nephrology, Renal Epidemiology
Advances in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Research and Management: A Global Perspective(2020–2025)
Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most prevalent chronic liver disorder worldwide, affecting over 30% of the adult population and increasingly recognized as a systemic disease with significant cardiometabolic and oncologic implications. Between 2020 and 2025, unprecedented advancements in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of NAFLD have reshaped the global landscape of liver health.Objective:This comprehensive review evaluates the global progress in NAFLD research and clinical management from 2020 to 2025, focusing on evolving epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic innovations, emerging therapies, and precision hepatology approaches, while addressing ongoing controversies such as the transition to the metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) terminology.Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to analyze high-impact studies, guidelines, clinical trials, and policy frameworks published between January 2020 and June 2025.data were synthesized across multiple thematic domains including epidemiology, molecular biology, diagnostics, therapeutics, and public health.Results:NAFLD prevalence has risen across all demographics, including pediatrics, elderly, leanindividuals, and low-income populations. The MAFLD redefinition better reflects metabolic dysfunction and has gained acceptance despite ongoing debates. pathophysiological insights include roles of insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy defects, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Advances in genomics and epigenetics have identified variants (e.g., PNPLA3, TM6SF2) and biomarkers (e.g., miR-122, Pro-C3). Non-invasive diagnostics especially imaging and AI-driven tools are replacing liver biopsy in many settings. Although no drugs are yet approved, promising agents like obeticholic acid, resmetirom, lanifibranor, and semaglutide are in advanced trials. Lifestyle interventions remain essential. NAFLD is now linked with increased cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, CKD, and malignancies. Precision hepatology using multi-omics, AI, and digital health tools is enabling individualized care. Conclusion: NAFLD is transitioning from a liver-specific condition to a global multisystem health crisis. While major scientific and clinical advances have been made, challenges remain in standardizing diagnostics, expanding treatment access, and addressing disparities. The convergence of precision medicine, digital innovation, and public health integration offers a transformative pathway to reduce the global burden of fatty liver disease in the next decade.
NAFLD, MAFLD, NASH, fibrosis, metabolic syndrome, gut-liver axis, genomics, diagnostics, non-invasive biomarkers, artificial intelligence, precision hepatology, global health, 2020–2025.
Supply Chain Optimization in Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Management Systems
In an increasingly complex and high-demand healthcare environment, the optimization of supply chain systems has emerged as a strategic necessity rather than a supporting function. This study investigates the structural challenges, performance inefficiencies, and potential technological solutions in healthcare and pharmaceutical supply chains, with a particular focus on the Indian context. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through surveys, interviews, and case studies, complemented by a rigorous review of secondary literature. The findings highlight critical issues such as lack of inventory visibility, poor IT integration, high logistics costs, and ineffective demand forecasting. Comparative performance analysis shows that India's supply chains significantly lag behind global benchmarks. However, the integration of emerging technologies—such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), and automation—demonstrates significant improvements in key performance metrics, including stockout reduction, lead time efficiency, operational cost savings, and patient satisfaction. ANOVA analysis confirms the statistical significance of these improvements post-optimization. The study concludes that a data-driven, technology-enabled, and strategically integrated supply chain model can substantially enhance the efficiency, reliability, and responsiveness of healthcare delivery systems.
ANOVA, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain, Internet of Things, data-driven, healthcare
Strategic Leadership and Innovation Management in The Pharmaceutical Industry
This review critically explores the interconnection between strategic leadership and innovation management in the pharmaceutical industry. With the sector facing unprecedented technological, regulatory, and competitive challenges, the role of strategic leadership has become pivotal in fostering innovation, ensuring adaptability, and sustaining growth. Drawing from theoretical frameworks, empirical studies, and case analyses, the review highlights how visionary leadership, when integrated with robust innovation management systems, can accelerate drug development, optimize R&D performance, and enhance patient outcomes. Key enablers such as digital transformation, cross-functional collaboration, and regulatory alignment are emphasized, along with barriers like organizational inertia and regulatory complexity. The review also presents real-world examples—from Pfizer to Novartis —that demonstrate the transformative potential of this synergy. Overall, it offers a strategic lens through which pharmaceutical firms can navigate the evolving global health landscape and remain competitive, agile, and socially responsible.
Pharmaceutical Industry, Pfizer, Novartis, R&D, agile, socially, leadership
Ethnobotanical Survey and Conservation Status of Rare Medicinal Shrubs in Sub-Himalayan Foothills
The sub-Himalayan foothills is a repository of information of ethnobotanical material and the scarcely available medicinal shrub such as Justicia Adhatoda, Rhododendron arboreum and Berberis asiatica which have been traditionally used in treating various cases. In this review, the significance of these plants in terms of ethnomedicinal, traditional knowledge system and current conservation status has been documented in the context of growing threats such as overutilisation, habitat destruction and the changing climate. Field studies that have been carried out from regions such as Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Himachal Pradesh reveal complex preparations and highly valued culture as regards to these plants. However, problems such as a low youth involvement, variability of the oral transmission, and the inefficiency of the species-specific conservation policies frustrate conservation. This review brings out the crucial need of multi tiered conservation efforts which include both in-situ and ex-situ methods, participation of the community and policy changes to sustainable utilization. Stressing on the economic significance of these shrubs in herbal and pharmaceutical industries, the research advocates an integrative approach that incorporates harmonization of biodiversity conservation and livelihoods at the local level and conservation of cultural heritage.
Ethnobotany, Medicinal Shrubs, Sub-Himalayan Region, Health Conditions, Overharvesting, Habitat Loss, Climate Change, Biodiversity Conservation, Local Livelihoods, Cultural Heritage
Development And Pulmonary Absorption Study of Dry Powder Inhalers Using Aerosol Chamber in Mice
DPI (Dry Powder Inhalers) have become an attractive system for targeted pulmonary delivery of drugs due to the localized activity, quick onset of therapeutic activity, and low levels of exposure systemically. This study is a review of the formulation strategies, aerodynamic optimization, and preclinical assessment of DPIs in the animal models particularly mice. The use of such devices as aerosol exposure chambers in inhalation studies has allowed for the consistent and accurate delivery of drugs using the natural process of breathing and, hence contributing to the improvement of preclinical evaluations’ reliability. The review also highlights the importance of assessing pulmonary absorption, deposition efficiency, and pharmacokinetic profiles in animal models in order to back safe and effective designs of DPI formulations. Findings from literature have shown that DPIs, formulated and administered correctly, can provide effective lung deposition and absorption, which sets a formidable preliminary stone for subsequent medical applications based on respiratory care. The study further notes gaps in research and the future directions of improving DPI development and evaluation using animal-based models.
Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs),Pulmonary drug delivery, Formulation strategies, Aerodynamic optimization ,Preclinical evaluation
Design And Evaluation of Biodegradable Polymeric Carriers for Targeted Drug Delivery in Albino Rats
Biodegradable polymeric carriers are a potential replacement for the targeted delivery of drugs because of their biocompatibility, controlled drug release, and capacity to diminish systemic toxicity. In this research, biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles, which were designed based on PLGA, chitosan, and PCL, were developed and assessed for the targeted delivery of a model drug in albino rats. Thirty rats were adult and divided into three groups: one treated with free drug, one with the drug loaded in non-targeted carriers, and one with the drug incorporated into targeted polymeric carriers. The solvent evaporation method was utilized to prepare nanoparticles and functionalize them with folic acid for targeting tumors. Pharmacokinetic evaluation showed that the targeted carrier group had the highest C_max (12.5 μg/mL), half-life (7.4 h), and AUC (112.9 μg·h/mL) values, which reflect increased bioavailability and controlled release. Biodistribution analysis verified significantly increased drug accumulation in the tumor (9.4 μg/g) in the targeted group relative to others. Histopathological examination revealed minimal toxicity in the critical organs among the polymeric groups. Statistical testing with ANOVA confirmed significant differences (p < 0.05) in pharmacokinetic and biodistribution parameters among the groups. The results affirm that targeted biodegradable polymeric carriers represent a better option compared to conventional drug delivery in enhancing site-specific accumulation, therapeutic efficacy, and safety.
Biodegradable polymers, targeted drug delivery, PLGA, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, albino rats, nanoparticles